Balística de comparación
Balística comparativa
El concepto de balística comparativa “se aplica al tratamiento físico de los indicios en el laboratorio, cuando por motivo de hechos delictuosos se hayan asegurado armas de fuego y recolectado casquillos y proyectiles» (Cibrián, Op.cit., Pag.328)
En sí, la balística comparativa consiste en la búsqueda, detección y comparación de particularidades especiales, que identifiquen un arma de fuego con respecto a los casquillos y proyectiles que originalmente conforman el cartucho, cuyas marcas específicas quedan impresas durante el proceso del disparo.
La base de la balística comparativa, está en el principio de correspondencia de características que se mencionaba con anterioridad, en donde la acción dinámica de los agentes vulnerantes sobre determinados cuerpos dejan impresas sus características, reproduciendo la figura de su cara que impacta.
Debido a este fenómeno se pueden realizar estudios micro y macro comparativos de elementos dubitados (testigo), con el objetivo de identificar el agente de producción, que en el caso de la balística comparativa corresponde a las estrías dejadas por los mecanismos y estructuras que conforman las armas de fuego, así también las modificaciones que son generadas por el desgaste del uso y deterioro que sufren las armas.
“La balística comparativa es la disciplina forense que establece si las balas proyectadas y los casquillos remanentes han sido disparados por una determinada arma de fuego” (Cibrián, Op. Cit., 320)
Entonces podemos decir que se le puede considerar como la encargada de identificar las armas de fuego, la que a su vez es una parte de la identificación de las marcas de herramientas. Dado que las armas de fuego, debido a que se fabrican con materiales más duros que las estructuras que conforman los cartuchos, actúan como herramientas que dejan estrías impresas en las partes de la munición que tienen contacto directo con el arma, entonces los estudios forenses; debido a las diversas situaciones delincuenciales debe incluir el recabado de cartuchos.
Estos estudios realizados por los peritos balísticos, se complementan con el establecimiento de otros análisis que incluyen:
a) Probar las armas de fuego para verificar si funcionan adecuadamente.
b) Determinar el calibre y el fabricante de las partes de la munición.
c) Analizar las diferentes partes de los componentes de los cartuchos de escopeta.
d) Determinar el fabricante del arma de fuego que pudo haber sido la fuente para disparar las balas o casquillos recabados.
e) Análisis específicos sobre los indicios enviados al laboratorio.
Los estudios científicos en materia de identificación de armas de fuego, han demostrado que no existen dos armas que produzcan las mismas estrías en proyectiles y casquillos disparados por éstas. Aún cuando sean del mismo calibre, marca y modelo.
Se han realizado pruebas que confirman que aún después de hacer varios cientos de disparos con un arma de fuego, el último proyectil disparado, puede ser comparado positivamente con el primero. Este efecto se denomina “la huella dactilar mecánica de las armas de fuego» (Cibrián, Op. Cit., pag. 334)
Pero, cabe destacar también que no todas las armas de fuego dejan sus particularidades impresas por su mismo mecanismo. Por ejemplo, en casquillos algunas diferencias en la forma impresa por el percutor, como es el caso de los revólveres con aguja percutora oscilante. Esto debido a factores como diferencias en la dureza de los materiales con que son fabricados los cartuchos, también las cargas de pólvora, ya sea más o menos potentes que otros.
Cuando se incluye la identificación comparativa de armas de fuego, ella se inicia con los exámenes preliminares de los casquillos y proyectiles, a fin de detectar las características generales o de clase, anteriormente mencionadas.
Algunos términos empleados en balística para identificar los casquillos y proyectiles a examinar dependen de su procedencia y pueden variar por el criterio particular y sobre todo, por las técnicas aplicadas por cada perito en la materia, todos ellos muy aceptables, pues describen lo mismo pero con distintas palabras.
a) Los casquillos y proyectiles recabados como indicios, son descritos como dubitados. Término que señala la duda que se tiene acerca de su procedencia; también se les refiere como problema, que indica la incertidumbre planteada y que se tendrá que resolver.
b) Los casquillos y proyectiles obtenidos por disparos de prueba y en consecuencia especímenes de cotejo, son denominados indubitados, lo cual indica que no existe ninguna duda sobre su procedencia; así mismo se les describe como testigos, identificando el arma de la cual proceden.
Un aspecto muy importante de mencionar es que para realizar disparos de prueba con el arma de fuego asegurada, se recomienda utilizar cartuchos nuevos y correspondientes a mismo calibre nominal de los casquillos y proyectiles de los indicios. Esto para lograr una mayor precisión en los resultados de investigación, pero hay que tomar en cuenta así mismo que hay algunas armas que debido a su desgaste excesivo se encuentran en condiciones de utilizar cartuchos de diferente calibre nominal al original.
Estas situaciones se pueden presentar a los peritos en balística, motivo por el cual corresponde que se mantengan siempre atentos a cualquier eventualidad y circunstancia no prevista de sucesos aparentemente rutinarios.
Para realizar el procedimiento de cotejo de proyectiles y casquillos, se recomienda utilizar un mínimo de dos cartuchos para cada arma de fuego. Primero se debe comprobar que las marcas en los casquillos y proyectiles indubitados sean consistentemente reproducibles para su identificación, donde no se tenga la menor duda que proceden de la misma arma y así luego realizar el cotejo microscópico con los respectivos casquillos y proyectiles encontrados en la escena del crimen.
Para realizar estas pruebas y obtener los casquillos indubitados no se debe disparar al aire, puede ser en un contenedor con arena o bien con agua entre otros.
Luego de realizar los disparos bajo las condiciones controladas, con la finalidad de obtener los especímenes indubitados de cotejo, se examinarán, en primera instancia para determinar si en efecto el cañón del arma que los disparó deja marcas microscópicas, y en caso afirmativo si existe un patrón consistente, único y repetible de esas marcas.
Posteriormente, tales especímenes de comparación se confrontarán con las balas indiciarias o problema, para observar si el mismo patrón de marcas existe también en estos indicios. Para realizar estos cotejos se debe utilizar un microscopio de comparación.
Un microscopio de comparación, significa en realidad “dos microscopios colocados uno a la par del otro, enlazados por un puente óptico; cuenta con dos platinas y sus respectivas bases, con los accesorios adecuados para colocar las balas y casquillos a comparar” (Cibrián, Op. Cit., pag. 361)
Las balas pueden presentar desde dos hasta veinticuatro campos y estrías, impresas por el cañón de las armas de fuego, habiendo también cañones con rayados impares con tres, cinco, siete y nueve campos y estrías; donde cada una de las estrías puede tener áreas de concordancia entre ellas.
Finalmente todo se reduce a la experiencia particular del perito para determinar, por medio de su percepción, los resultados positivos o negativos que considere de acuerdo con las observaciones microscópicas que se realizaron.
Cabe destacar que uno de los mayores problemas para conseguir una identificación positiva, resulta del hecho que muy pocas balas recolectadas como indicios criminalísticos en las escenas del crimen se presentan intactas. La mayoría de ellas se encuentran seriamente alteradas, deformadas o fragmentadas. Algunos fragmentos pueden parecer despreciables, sin embargo, las porciones pequeñas de una bala pueden tener marcas suficientes para realizar una comparación positiva.
Estos estudios balísticos cobran especial relevancia, cuando los hechos delictivos atentan directamente contra la vida y bienestar físico de las personas. En estos casos corresponde a la balística médico legal los estudios.
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