El principio de conservación del puesto
El Estado debe tener límites en su poder punitivo, conclusión a la que llegaron pensadores del iluminismo por los años de la Revolución Francesa debido a las arbitrariedades de los monarcas y los clérigos quienes ejercían el poder. Posteriormente se distinguen principios fundamentales, entre algunos, los de legalidad, proporcionalidad y lesividad.
Actualmente se habla en derecho penal de última ratio o derecho penal mínimo, pues no todo debe resolverse mediante la represión penal, ya que muchos delitos se previenen con política criminal a nivel social.
Lamentablemente quienes hacen y aplican la norma penal muchas veces se ven influenciados por el populismo punitivo y la injerencia social, en casi todas las ocasiones sujetos desconocedores de política criminal, prevención del delito y derecho penal.
Con esto se generan leyes completamente desproporcionadas y arbitrarias creando un sinnúmero de penas más duras y más tipos penales, y jueces olvidándose de garantías fundamentales para condenar cierto tipo de personas (derecho penal de autor, criminalización secundaria) para complacer la emoción popular, por un delito que llamó la atención en un momento dado y distribuido en forma masiva por los medios de comunicación, ya que dicho delito se puso de moda por en algún tiempo.
No es de extrañar que en Costa Rica aparezca un político proponiendo una ley más severa después de salir una noticia de un delito de moda, para aprovecharse en beneficio de sus propios intereses. O casos extremos como Uganda, un país africano con un proyecto de ley penal que castiga de muerte a los homosexuales debido a la injerencia religiosa en la población y el complaciente discurso político.
De esta misma manera los jueces llegan a verse influenciados en sus resoluciones y tratan en una forma más severa algún tipo de delincuencia irrespetando las garantías del imputado, condenando en forma abusiva al delincuente y condenando inclusive al inocente, debido a la presión social. De esta manera se entra a un eficientísimo penal en el poder judicial, donde publican que se están condenando a los delincuentes para apaciguar a una ciudadanía manipulada por el populismo punitivo en contraposición de un poder judicial garantista que respeta los derechos de las personas sean estas imputados u ofendidos, víctimas o victimarios, culpables o inocentes.
Los jueces de jerarquía menor en Costa Rica en algunas ocasiones son obligados a resolver conforme a lo que los tribunales superiores quieren, aunque estos tribunales superiores no tengan la razón, ya que estos tribunales superiores manejan una política criminal muchas veces complaciente al populismo mediático, y muchos jueces inferiores optan por “el principio de conservación del puesto” y resolver contra sus propios criterios, para quedar bien y no ser despedidos por sus superiores.
– Lic. Jesús Barrantes
Abogado y Criminólogo
Diario Extra Viernes 3 Octubre 2013
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