La criminología clínica y su posible uso en las cárceles ticas
La criminología clínica y su posible uso en las cárceles ticas
Jesús Barrantes Castro*
En Costa Rica quienes valoran al privado de libertad son el consejo técnico interdisciplinario de la cárcel, compuesto por un psicólogo, un trabajador social y un orientador, pero sin estar la figura del criminólogo presente con la diagnosis y la prognosis criminal.
La falta del criminólogo en la valoración técnica obedece a un vacío legal, pues la criminología en Costa Rica es algo muy reciente, tanto así que el Colegio de Profesionales en Criminología de Costa Rica tiene escasos once años desde su aparición con su ley orgánica. Dentro del estudio de la criminología encontramos la criminología clínica, que es la que se encarga de la valoración al privado de libertad.
La criminología clínica es la ciencia multidisciplinaria que estudia al delincuente en forma particular, como conducta desviada, a fin de conocer su criminogenésis y aplicar un tratamiento personalizado, es un proceso indagatorio orientado al diagnóstico y pronóstico de la criminalidad con énfasis en su tratamiento.
Asimismo, la criminología clínica es la aplicación de la criminología a un caso concreto, es el análisis del perfil criminológico del desviado, es decir al nivel de interpretación individual. Básicamente, la criminología clínica consiste en el examen del delincuente, separando la criminodinámica de la criminogenésis, siendo esta última relacionada a los factores endógenos y exógenos de esa criminogenésis con la diagnosis y la prognosis criminal.
La criminología clínica es una criminología aplicada, analiza al sujeto antisocial en su realidad personal e irrepetible, el análisis criminológico concreto ve las aristas bio-psico-sociales en modo tiempo y lugar con su victimología, sin apartarse de los aspectos legales y otro tipo de valoraciones multidisciplinarias.
El método de esta disciplina consiste en el análisis de expedientes y entrevistas relacionadas con la criminalidad del valorado, de sí mismo, o de terceras personas, para su diagnosis y prognosis de desviación y que generalmente se aplica a personas que fueron condenadas por delitos o están en un proceso penal y optan por una libertad anticipada o una libertad asistida.
El método clínico de la criminología es un proceso ordenado de acciones valorativas al delincuente en forma individual con el objetivo de emitir un diagnóstico y pronóstico criminal para dar recomendaciones de tratamiento mediante un informe criminológico, donde se expone la fundamentación sobre las circunstancias del delito, la situación personal, social y coyuntural del delincuente valorado.
En la criminología clínica se debe contar con un método estimador de resultado, la sensibilidad nos indica la capacidad de nuestro estimador con la proporción de desviación criminal correctamente identificada y la especificidad con la proporción de la no desviación con la no desviación correctamente identificada, “falso positivo» y «falso negativo» se refieren al resultado, un falso positivo es un error de cálculo de una condición cuando la misma no está presente en realidad y un falso negativo es un error de cálculo de que no existe una condición cuando en realidad sí existe, por ende, el criminólogo debe hacer un examen exhaustivo del caso para no cometer errores.
Un diagnóstico y pronóstico criminal con base científica todavía no existen en las cárceles de Costa Rica debido al vacío legal de la figura del criminólogo, quien es el que daría recomendaciones técnicas para el tratamiento de delincuentes en base al informe criminológico de criminología clínica.
El rol del criminólogo dentro del aparato penal y penitenciario es algo de vital importancia para los beneficios anticipados del privado de libertad, donde la figura de la criminología clínica sirve como un estimador óptimo en la prevención de delitos. La criminología clínica no puede garantizar que un delincuente no vuelva a cometer delitos, pero sí consigue tener una estimación muy alta para no arrojar falsos positivos o falsos negativos en el estimador de reincidencia, resocialización y reinserción social.
*Abogado penalista criminólogo
Email jbarrcas@hotmail.com
Tel: 87027380
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