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Sobre organizaciones criminales en Costa Rica, falta de oportunidades y política criminal

  • Por Jesús Barrantes Castro – Abogado Penalista y Criminólogo. Periodico Mundo CR
  • https://www.elmundo.cr/sobre-organizaciones-criminales-en-costa-rica-falta-de-oportunidades-y-politica-criminal/

Muchas veces para solucionar un problema se debe solucionar otro problema anterior de raíz, siendo este la verdadera génesis del problema, es lo que sucede con el fenómeno de la delincuencia en la criminogénesis, y en la criminología se busca la génesis de la delincuencia, para mitigarla desde su raíz. Los factores de la delincuencia son endógenos y exógenos, los primeros son internos de la persona en base a parámetros de personalidad, carácter y emociones, y los segundos referentes al exterior de la persona, con influencia al entorno al medio ambiente que lo rodea,  la delincuencia organizada tiene un factor criminógeno ligado a lo externo, o sea factor exógeno.

En todo el mundo hay delincuencia, pero dependiendo el contexto social el tipo de delincuencia puede variar, la delincuencia es diferente en modo tiempo y lugar. Existen dos tipos de criminalidad en cuanto a la autoría y participación en la criminología, una es la delincuencia individual y la otra es la delincuencia organizada. En la delincuencia individual son uno o pocos participes y el móvil son intereses particulares, sin estructura organizativa, mientras que la delincuencia organizada funciona como una empresa, en cuanto estructura de objetivos y metas, de allí sus infalibles métodos en modus operandi. Entre más evolucionada esté la estructura criminal, más se parece a una cooperativa, empresa u asociación   y el daño social generalmente es más grande, causa células organizativas en lugares clandestinos lejos del control social formal hasta llegar a la metástasis al mismo control social formal(Poder Legislativo, Poder Ejecutivo y Poder Judicial ).

El delincuente individual podría llegar a cometer delitos socialmente reprochables según el calificativo de del entorno social, sin embargo la delincuencia organizada tiene mayor repercusión social, pues tiene raíces en lugares clandestinos (falta de control social formal), donde el control social del Estado deja espacios en blanco y la criminalidad se infiltra causando patógenos sociales.  Carteles de drogas, mafias, pandillas, sindicatos criminales nacen crecen y se reproducen siendo el daño social a gran escala, algunas veces por culpa del mismo Estado, cuando la delincuencia organizada suple necesidades que el Estado no satisface al administrado.

En Costa Rica todavía no existe sede de una organización criminal de grandes magnitudes, como lo han sido los Carteles de Droga Mexicanos, la Mafia Rusa, la Cosa Nostra en Italia o la mafia Yakuza en Japón, lo que existe en Costa Rica son pequeñas células de carteles de droga, que como país de paso, trafican millones en droga por frontera y mar, sin embargo los cabezas y la violencia a gran escala están en otro país, mientras no tengan  raíces solidas en Costa Rica. Aunado a esto también existen mini organizaciones criminales, pequeñitas pero muy violentas de nacionales, donde se cultivaron en lugares de escasos recursos, con afiliación de extranjeros, estas organizaciones aparecen mediante subcultura criminal y falta de oportunidades.

Las agencias de control social formal fallan, por culpa de una mala política criminal, debido a que no enfocan la prevención, antes que la represión de la criminalidad. Nace la criminalidad por segregación social, se le aúna la subcultura criminal, y así que se crean y se reproducen diferentes tipos de criminalidad, porque primero sería por segregación o exclusión y segundo a base de ideales antisociales propias de la subcultura criminal de grupos que se sientes rechazados por la sociedad, y la otra forma es por mera intención lucrativa de una empresa, asociación o sindicato criminal, que ya son producto de patógenos sociales de años de evolución, ya en estadios muy avanzados de criminalidad.

El Estado falla en su política criminal, puntualmente al no buscar acción social en áreas conflictivas en asocio Institucional y convenios o acuerdos con entes privados (programas, becas etc), también falla al criminalizar excesivamente delitos de robos y venta de drogas de poca monta considerados como bagatela y no centrarse en casos más relevantes  que causen más daño social (como las políticas de persecución penal del Ministerio Publico), el Estado falla a falta de planes penitenciarios basados en resocialización reinserción social  en base a perfiles criminales estadísticos y demostrables, además falla al no tener más presencia policial administrativa preventiva o comunal legal(policía municipal y/o seguridad civil comunitaria)  en lugares conflictivos y clandestinos que abarcan desde el conocido barrio conflictivo, en  las afueras de la ciudad, hasta  la costa en la playa solitaria, donde pasan las lanchas narco.

Una persona en un sector físico social de alta tendencia a la pobreza puede buscar modus vivendi en la ilegalidad, como por ejemplo: la conexión a servicios públicos sin pagar por medio de artimañas, construcciones ilegales en predios deshabitados, ajenos privados o del Estado (precarismo), refugio clandestino de indocumentados, ventas sin permisos públicos etcétera. Esta ilegalidad está a centímetros de convertirse en criminalidad, ya que la idea de descuido y deterioro puede promover   el irrespeto a la norma social incluidos los bienes jurídicos tutelados por el Derecho Penal.

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